Portland, Oregon-based Asian American rock band, The Slants, received some disappointing news this week when the U.S. Court of Appeals in the Federal Circuit upheld a the US Patent and Trademark Office's decision that the band's name could not be trademarked on the grounds that it is being used as a racial slur that a majority of the public would find disparaging. The Federal Circuit court agreed in the majority opinion, citing the Patent Office's Appeal Board decision where they decided that the name The Slants "would have the ‘likely meaning' of people of Asian descent but also that such meaning has been so perceived and has prompted significant responses by prospective attendees or hosts of the band's performances."
In 1946, the federal government passed the Lanaham Act, the principle legislation that governs the registration of trademarks. Among other stipulations, the Act prohibits the registration of any trademark that "consists of or comprises of immoral, deceptive, or scandalous matter; or matter which may disparage or falsely suggest a connection with persons, living or dead, institutions, beliefs or national symbols, or bring them into contempt, or disrepute". Federal Circuit courts have previously interpreted this to include racial slurs such as "Heeb", "Squaw Valley", and -- of course -- the "Washington Redskins" (which is currently on appeal).
However, Simon Tam -- founder of The Slants who tweets at @SimonTheTam -- argued that despite the popular usage of the phrase "slants" as a slur when referencing Asian Americans, the band name was intended to be a subversive reappropriation of an epithet as part of their larger project to "take ownership" of anti-Asian stereotypes.
As summarized in the majority opinion, The Slants argued:
The band draws inspiration for its lyrics from childhood slurs and mocking nursery rhymes, J.A. 130, and its albums include "The Yellow Album" and "Slanted Eyes, Slanted Hearts." The band "feel[s] strongly that Asians should be proud of their cultural heritage, and not be offended by stereotypical descriptions."
The USPTO Board based their original decision on the presumption that the phrase "The Slants" would be viewed as offensive by a majority of Asian Americans. The Federal Circuit Court agreed with this, even though they also affirmed that it was not responsibility of the USPTO Board to actually demonstrate -- through a market survey -- any evidence that Asian Americans are actually offended.
We find there is substantial evidence--even without a marketing survey or some other quantitative measure of the term's offensiveness--supporting the Board's finding that the mark is disparaging to a substantial composite of people of Asian descent. The Board does not have the resources, nor is it required, to conduct a marketing survey each time it evaluates whether a term is disparaging.
Tam countered this saying that he provided over 2000 pages' worth of documents supporting his band's name, including letters from top Asian American community leaders. Tam said:
"The Patent and Trademark Office has created a composite that finds the name offensive, but we can't find an actual Asian who is offended. This is so much bigger than just our band -- this law disproportionately affects minorities."
In making this point, Tam argues that this law is disproportionately applied against minorities vs non-minority applicants, or unfairly exercised against some minorities over others, resulting in excessive vagueness in determining what is "too offensive" to register as a mark. Reuters notes that similar trademarks that seek to positively reclaim a word that might otherwise be viewed as an epithet have been successfully registered, such as the motorcycle club "Dykes on Bikes".
A single judge -- Judge Kimberly Moore -- took the opportunity to call for reevaluation of the Lanaham Act. Writing for herself in a separate opinion, Judge Moore was moved by The Slants' First Amendment argument contesting the USPTO's role as "referee of political correctness", although she ultimately decided against The Slants and agreed with the majority opinion on the status of their mark. Summarizing her position, Moore writes:
We have yet to be presented with any substantial government interests that would justify the PTO's refusal to register disparaging marks. Without this, § 2(a) cannot satisfy the Central Hudson test. It is time to revisit the holding inMcGinley in light of subsequent developments in the law and the trademark registration funding regime.
Tam reacted to the Federal Circuit Court's decision with disappointment but resilience. Saying to Oregon Live:
"I'm definitely disappointed, but not completely surprised since we have been fighting this thing for so long," he said Monday evening. "We're going to exhaust every available option to fight this thing."
Tam said he expects the band will pursue having the case heard by the full court of appeals.
This post was originally published on Reappropriate.